Japanese encephalitis detected in rural Victoria

Japanese encephalitis has been detected in Australia for the first time in the 2025-2026 season.

The virus was found in a mosquito trap in the Horsham region in rural Victoria.

Health authorities are working with the local council to treat mosquito breeding sites in the area and reduce the risk to the community.

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Japanese encephalitis is a rare but potentially serious disease caused by a virus transmitted through mosquito bites.

Most people infected have no symptoms or only mild illness, but about one in 250 cases, it can cause encephalitis, a severe brain infection which can be fatal.

"Mosquito-borne diseases like Japanese encephalitis can have serious health impacts, but they are preventable," Victoria's Chief Health Officer Dr Caroline McElnay said.

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"A free Japanese encephalitis vaccine is available for eligible people due to their increased risk of exposure."

Eligible people include those in at-risk areas, including those ineligible for Medicare.

"Simple actions like wearing repellent, covering up, and limiting outdoor activities at dawn and dusk can help reduce your risk," McElnay said.

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"Anyone can be bitten by mosquitoes, but people living, working or spending time outdoors in northern Victoria – especially near rivers – may be at higher risk."

It's also recommended to remove or clear out stagnant water sources around the home.

People are encouraged to speak with their GP, local council, Aboriginal health service, or community pharmacy for more information about JE vaccination.

Additional information for Victorians can be found online at the Department of Health and the Better Health Channel websites.

There is no specific treatment for acute Japanese encephalitis. 

For those who develop the acute neurological illness, about 30 per cent do not survive.

For those that do, about half will have long term neurological impacts.

Fewer than one per cent of those infected with encephalitis viruses end up developing acute symptoms.

A person with severe disease may suffer inflammation of the brain, sudden onset of vomiting, high fever and chills, severe headaches, sensitivity to light, neck stiffness and nausea.

Japanese encephalitis cannot be spread from person to person.

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