Which cardinals are seen as contenders to be the next pope?
A popular saying in Vatican circles is that if you "enter a conclave as pope, you leave as a cardinal".
It implies the sacred and secretive process is no popularity contest or campaign, but rather the divinely inspired election of Christ's Vicar on Earth by the princes of the church.
Still, there are always front-runners, known as "papabile", who have at least some of the qualities considered necessary to be pope — much like those depicted in last year's Oscar-nominated film Conclave.
Any baptised Catholic male is eligible, though only cardinals have been selected since 1378.
The winner must receive at least two-thirds of the vote from those cardinals under age 80 and thus eligible to participate.
Pope Francis, who died in April, appointed the vast majority of electors, often tapping men who share his pastoral priorities, which suggests continuity rather than rupture.
Anyone trying to handicap the outcome should remember that Jorge Mario Bergoglio was considered too old to be elected pope in 2013 at age 76, and that Karol Wojtyla wasn't on any front-runner lists going into the 1978 conclave that elected him Pope John Paul II.
Some possible candidates:
Cardinal Jean-Marc Aveline
Francis had a complex relationship with secular France, to which he never made an official state visit.
His relationship with Aveline, the influential archbishop of Marseille, was far simpler and more cordial.
Aveline, 66, was an ally of Francis.
He hosted the pope in the Mediterranean port city in 2023 during the pontiff's second trip to France.
At the time, Francis insisted he was traveling to Marseille, not France.
Aveline was elected head of the bishops' conference of France earlier this year.
Smiling, affable and warm, Aveline is very much in tune with Francis' ideal of caring for the marginalised, especially migrants.
Born in Algeria, Aveline and his family moved to France after the former colony gained independence, and he grew up in Marseille, a multicultural city with a significant Muslim community.
He is described as having a strong capacity for interfaith dialogue.
Cardinal Fridolin Ambongo Besungu
The 65-year-old Ambongo is one of Africa's most outspoken Catholic leaders, heading the archdiocese that has the largest number of Catholics on the continent that seen as the future of the church.
He has been archbishop of Congo's capital since 2018 and a cardinal since in 2019.
Francis also appointed him to a group of advisers that was helping reorganise the Vatican bureaucracy.
In Congo and across Africa, Ambongo has been deeply committed to the Catholic orthodoxy and is seen as conservative.
Cardinal Pierbattista Pizzaballa
At 60, Pizzaballa is on the young side to be pope, but he is a favorite of many Italian Vatican watchers eager to see an Italian take back the papacy after three non-Italians.
He has served in Jerusalem for more than three decades, moving to the city from his native Italy just a month after his ordination.
Pizzaballa served as custodian of the Holy Land for 12 years, responsible for all of the Catholic properties in the region.
In 2016, Francis appointed Pizzaballa to fill the vacant seat of the Latin Patriarch in Jerusalem, the representative of Catholics in Israel, Cyprus, Jordan and the Palestinian territories, and made it official in 2020.
Pizzaballa was elevated to cardinal in 2023.
A fluent Hebrew speaker, Pizzaballa has translated various liturgical texts into the language for the Catholic communities in Israel.
He gained favor in Israel after offering to take the place of children being held hostage in Gaza a week after the Hamas attack on October 7 in 2023.
Cardinal Peter Erdo
Erdo, 72, the archbishop of Budapest and primate of Hungary, was twice elected head of the Council of European Episcopal Conferences, in 2005 and 2011, suggesting he enjoys the esteem of European cardinals who make up the biggest voting bloc of electors.
In that capacity, Erdo got to know many African cardinals because the council hosts regular sessions with African bishops' conferences.
Erdo had even more exposure when he helped organise Francis' 2014 and 2015 Vatican meetings on the family and delivered key speeches, as well as during papal visits to Budapest in 2021 and 2023.
Cardinal Reinhard Marx
Marx, 71, the archbishop of Munich and Freising, was chosen by Francis as a key adviser in 2013.
Marx later was named to head the council overseeing Vatican finances during reforms and belt-tightening. The former president of the German bishops' conference was a strong proponent of the controversial "synodal path" process of dialogue in the German church that began in 2020 as a response to the clergy sexual abuse scandal there.
As a result, he is viewed with scepticism by conservatives who considered the process a threat to church unity, given it involved debating issues such as celibacy, homosexuality and women's ordination.
Marx made headlines in 2021 when he dramatically offered to resign as archbishop to atone for the German church's dreadful abuse record, but Francis quickly rejected the resignation and told him to stay.
Cardinal Marc Ouellet
Ouellet, 80, of Canada, led the Vatican's influential bishops office for more than a decade, overseeing the key clearinghouse for potential candidates to head dioceses around the world.
Francis kept Ouellet in the job until 2023, even though he was appointed by Pope Benedict XVI, and thus helped select the more doctrinaire bishops preferred by the German pontiff.
Considered more of a conservative than Francis, Ouellet still selected pastorally minded bishops to reflect Francis' belief that bishops should "smell like the sheep" of their flock.
Ouellet defended priestly celibacy for the Latin Rite church and upheld the ban on women's ordination but called for women to have a greater role in church governance.
He has good contacts with the Latin American church, having headed the Vatican's Pontifical Commission for Latin America for more than a decade.
Since 2019, his office has taken charge of investigating bishops accused of covering up for predator priests, a job that would have made him no friends among those sanctioned but also could have given him lots of otherwise confidential and possibly compromising information about fellow cardinals.
Cardinal Pietro Parolin
Parolin, 70, of Italy, has been Francis' secretary of state since 2014 and is considered one of the main contenders to be pope, given his prominence in the Catholic hierarchy.
The veteran diplomat oversaw the Holy See's controversial deal with China over bishop nominations and was involved – but not charged – in the Vatican's botched investment in a London real estate venture that led to a 2021 trial of another cardinal and nine others.
A former ambassador to Venezuela, Parolin knows the Latin American church well.
He would be seen as someone who would continue in Francis' tradition but as a more sober and timid diplomatic insider, returning an Italian to the papacy after three successive outsiders: St John Paul II (Poland); Benedict (Germany) and Francis (Argentina).
But while Parolin has managed the Vatican bureaucracy, he has no real pastoral experience.
His ties to the London scandal, in which his office lost of tens of millions of dollars to bad deals and shady businessmen, could count against him.
Cardinal Robert Prevost
The idea of an American pope has long been taboo, given the geopolitical power already wielded by the United States. But the Chicago-born Prevost, 69, could be a first.
He has extensive experience in Peru, first as a missionary and then an archbishop, and he is currently prefect of the Vatican's powerful dicastery for bishops, in charge of vetting nominations for bishops around the world.
Francis clearly had an eye on him for years and sent him to run the diocese of Chiclayo, Peru, in 2014. He held that position until 2023, when Francis brought him to Rome for his current role.
Prevost is also president of the Pontifical Commission for Latin America, a job that keeps him in regular contact with the Catholic hierarchy in the part of the world that still counts the most Catholics.
In addition to his nationality, Prevost's comparative youth could count against him if his brother cardinals don't want to commit to a pope who might reign for another two decades.
Cardinal Robert Sarah
Sarah, 79, of Guinea, the retired head of the Vatican's liturgy office, was long considered the best hope for an African pope.
Beloved by conservatives, Sarah would signal a return to the doctrinaire and liturgically minded papacies of John Paul II and Benedict.
Sarah, who had previously headed the Vatican's charity office Cor Unum, clashed on several occasions with Francis, none more seriously than when he and Benedict co-authored a book advocating the "necessity" of continued celibacy for Latin Rite priests.
The book came out as Francis was weighing whether to allow married priests in the Amazon to address a priest shortage there.
The implication was that Sarah had manipulated Benedict into lending his name and moral authority to a book that had all the appearances of being a counterweight to Francis' own teaching.
Francis dismissed Benedict's secretary and several months later retired Sarah after he turned 75. Even Sarah's supporters lamented the episode hurt his papal chances.
Share a tip-off, video or photo with us
