The 10 most costly cities in the world for rogue drivers
Illegal driving is frowned on around the world - but not all penalties are created equal.
Compare The Market crunched the numbers to find which cities were the most expensive in the world for misbehaving drivers.
Analysts looked at financial penalties issued for offences including parking overtime, speeding, drink driving, and running a red light, to compile an index score out of 10.
It likely won't surprise too many people that one Australian city made the top 10 - and another just missed out.
Continue through the gallery to see the most expensive cities for badly-behaved drivers.
10. Madrid, Spain
The Spanish capital achieved an index rating of 5.96 out of 10.
The study imposed some limits in its examination of penalties, so parking fines were limited to up to an hour's overtime, while speeding fines were only counted for offences up to 10km/hr over the limits.
Researchers also only counted fines for drink driving with a BAC of up to 0.05 per cent - the starting point at which Australian drivers are considered too inebriated to drive safely.
9. Warsaw, Poland
Ninth with an index score of 6.05, Warsaw nonetheless imposed the second-highest penalties in the drink driving category, at $1884.10.
However, it also had the lowest fines for speeding in the top 10, at $21.48.
8. Prague, Czechia
Prague landed in eighth place with a score of 6.34.
7. Toronto, Canada
Toronto in Canada scored 6.44.
The city imposes the stiffest penalties for parking overtime, at $501.11.
6. Amsterdam, Netherlands
Amsterdam scored 6.63 out of 10.
Curiously, the analysts found the city imposed the same fine for running a red light as it did low-level drink driving, at $489.52.
5. Sydney, Australia
Sydney is, by the numbers, the fifth-most expensive city in the world for rogue drivers.
With a score of 6.92, here's how the penalties broke down:
Parking overtime (up to one hour): $215
Speeding (by up to 10km/hr): $137
Running a red light: $514
Drink driving (up to 0.05 per cent BAC): $603.
Melbourne just missed out on the top 10, landing at 11 with a score of 5.86.
The Victorian capital fines a driver $481.00 for running a red light, $475.00 for drink driving.
4. London, UK
Despite ranking fourth with a score of 7.11, London has a relatively lenient view of running a red light, with drivers handed a fine of $190.88 - the second-lowest in the top 10.
3. Oslo, Norway
It's a tie in third, with Oslo, the capital of Norway, with a score of 7.4.
It was joined in the bronze by...
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