Can your dog actually understand what you say to it?

You might think your dog understands every word you say to it - but chances are they aren't hanging on your every word, a new study has found.

In spite of their "human-like" auditory capabilities for interpreting speech sounds, dogs do not hear the subtle differences between words in the way that humans do, a team of researchers has found.

Words are made up of speech sounds, which, if changed, alter the entire meaning - for example, "dog" can turn to "dig".

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Researchers at Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest measured the brain activity of family dogs using a technique called electroencephalography, which involved taping electrodes to the animals' heads.

The researchers played the dogs recorded instruction words they knew (such as "sit"), similar but nonsense words ("sut"), and then, very different nonsense words ("bep").

Experts found that dogs, who had not been specifically trained for the experiment, could quickly and clearly tell the difference between the known instruction words and the very different nonsense words.

"The brain activity is different when they listen to the instructions, which they know, and to the very different nonsense words, which means that dogs recognise these words," lead study author Lilla Magyari told CNN.

However, the animals did not pay attention to the small differences between known words and similar-sounding nonsense words.

Instead, the canine study subjects processed them as the same word, Dr Magyari, a postdoctoral researcher at the department of ethology at Eötvös Loránd University, told CNN.

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Dogs are renowned for their auditory capacity and their ability to hear words and sounds well, Dr Magyari said, and they are able to differentiate speech sounds.

"But it seems like they don't really pay attention to all of the speech sounds," she said, adding that further research could explain why.

"They may just not realise that all details, the speech sounds, are really important in human speech. If you think of a normal dog: That dog is able to learn only a few instructions in its life," she said.

While our canine companions may not recognise all the nuances, Dr Magyari said that the study also confirmed that dogs actually listen to human speech, as suggested by previous studies - and don't just respond to familiar humans or body language.

"It really shows that dogs can differentiate the words that they know from nonsense words," she said, noting that family dogs registered brain activity even when listening to instruction words delivered by an unfamiliar voice, delivered through a speaker.

The findings were published in the Royal Society Open Science journal yesterday.